Blog Posts

Let’s assume that we have a prebuilt, imported class named Account that models a bank account. We know only its documentation and public attributes, but we do not know anything...

Suppose our program needs to perform an operation that significantly increases execution time, and moreover, this operation must be performed repeatedly. If the operation is deterministic — meaning that for...

Objects bundle together logically related data (which describe the state of the object) and callable objects that operate on that data, namely methods. This is known as “encapsulation”. For objects...

The short answer is yes. The real question is how. The reason why this topic is interesting is that when we talk about closures, we usually think of a single...

Sometimes we need to create copies of objects. At first glance, this might not seem particularly exciting. However, when it comes to compound objects, a few important questions arise. We...

In the previous post, we mentioned that one of the many use cases of closures is the creation of decorators. You get a function decorator by passing a function object...

In Python, closures appear in many different use cases. For example, decorators, which are one of the characteristic language constructs in Python, are built on them. A function that is...

In Python, a list can hold objects of any type. A list is a mutable container, which means that its elements can be replaced during program execution, and the number...

Both of these Python features are designed to handle the same situation: when a key is missing from a dictionary, they automatically create it with a specified default value. If...

You’ve probably already heard of iterable objects and iterators — and you’ve likely used them, too. These include any objects you can loop through using a for-loop, retrieving one element...